| Quantum Physics |
| Is there a single possible past? |
| Is the present time physically distinct from the past and future? |
| How is quantum information stored as a state of a quantum system? |
| Cosmology |
| Is there any feasibility to reconcile time with general relativity? |
| Why is the distant universe so homogeneous when the Big Bang theory appears to predict larger measurable anisotropies of the night sky than the observed one? |
| Is the universe heading towards a Big Freeze, a Big Crunch, a Big Rip, or a Big Bounce? |
| What is the size of the whole universe? |
| What is the identity of dark matter? |
| What is the probable cause of the observed accelerated expansion of the universe? |
| Black holes | Is there any way to probe the internal structure of black holes somehow? |
| Extra dimensions | Does nature have any fifth space time dimensions? |
| Particle physics |
| Is the proton fundamentally stable? |
| Did particles that carry “magnetic charge” exist in the past? |
| What is the electric charge radius of the proton? |
| How does electric charge differ from gluonic charge? |
| Astrophysics |
| How does the Sun generate its periodically reversing large-scale magnetic field? |
| Why & how is the Sun’s corona (i.e. atmosphere layer) much hotter than the Sun’s surface? |
| What is responsible for the numerous interstellar absorption lines discovered in astronomical spectra? |
| What is the origin of the M-sigma relation between the supermassive black hole mass and the galaxy velocity dispersion? |
| What is the precise mechanism by which an implosion of a dying star becomes an explosion? |
| What is the source of space roar? |
| Where did Earth’s water come from? |
| What is the nature of neutron stars and dense nuclear matter? |
| What is the origin of the elements in the cosmos? |
| Optical physics | What is the momentum of light in optical media? |
| Biophysics |
| How do genes govern human body, withstanding different external pressures and internal stochasticity? |
| What are the quantitative properties of immune responses? |
| What are the basic building blocks of immune system networks? |
| Condensed matter physics |
| Is topological order stable at non-zero temperature? |
| Is it feasible to develop a theoretical model to describe the statistics of a turbulent flow? |
| What causes the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound? |
| What is the nature of the glass transition between a fluid or regular solid and a glassy phase? |
| What is the mechanism that causes certain materials to exhibit superconductivity at temperatures much higher than around 25 kelvin? |
| Is it possible to make a material that is a superconductor at room temperature? |
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