Conditions for Interference

Introduction

Conditions for interference are one of the most important concepts of wave optics. The phenomena of light, reflection, and refraction can be explained only on the basis of wave optics. The direction in which the light propagates in the form of a wave is indicated by the light screen itself. When a stone is dropped on a motionless surface of the water, ripples spread around the area where the stone falls. This event is a perfect example of a wave spreading. As the ripple passes a particular point, the water molecules or particles at that point move up and down (or oscillate). All nodes of a wave equidistant from a focal point have a wavefront that resonates in phase.

Interference

• When two light waves overlap each other, the phenomenon of light intensity increasing at some points and the light intensity decreasing at other points is called interference of light. Superposition refers to the addition of light waves.
• When two waves travel through a medium simultaneously the resultant displacement is equal to the vector sum of the individual displacements exerted on them by each wave.
• Depending on the phase difference between the corresponding waves, the resultant displacement can be maximum or minimum.

These concepts also apply to light. Consider light waves from two light sources S1S1 and S2S2 which meet at a point P.

A wave from source S1S1 reaches P at time t,

y1=a1sinωt→(1)y1=a1sinωt→(1)

A wave from source S2S2 reaches P at time t,

y2=a2sin(ωt+ϕ)→(2)y2=a2sin(ωt+ϕ)→(2)

These two waves have different amplitudes a1a1 and a2a2 and similar angular frequency ω and phase difference ϕ. The resultant displacement caused by these two waves

y=y1+y2=a1sinωt+a2sin(ωt+ϕ)→(3)y=y1+y2=a1sinωt+a2sin(ωt+ϕ)→(3)

Solving this equation using trigonometric identities gives the following equation,

y=Asin(ωt+θ)→(4)y=Asin(ωt+θ)→(4)

Where

A=a21+a22+2a1a2cosϕ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√→(5)A=a12+a22+2a1a2cosϕ→(5)

θ=tan−1a2sinϕa1+a2cosϕθ=tan−1a2sinϕa1+a2cosϕ

The resultant amplitude is maximum at the condition ϕ=0,±2π,±4π,…ϕ=0,±2π,±4π,…

Amax=(a1+a2)2−−−−−−−−√Amax=(a1+a2)2

The resultant amplitude is minimum at the condition ϕ=±π,±3π,±5π,…ϕ=±π,±3π,±5π,…

Amax=(a1−a2)2−−−−−−−−√Amax=(a1−a2)2

Intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude

I∝A2→(6)I∝A2→(6)

From equation (5)

I=I1+I2+2(I1I2)−−−−−√cosϕ→(7)I=I1+I2+2(I1I2)cosϕ→(7)

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Types of Interference

Constructive Interference

• When the crest of one wave overlaps with the crest of another wave, their amplitudes are added, creating a constructive interference and the amplitude is greater than the amplitudes of the individual waves.
• If constructive interference occurs at a point, the intensity at that point will be greater.

Destructive Interference

When the crest of one wave overlaps with the trough of another wave, destructive interference occurs. At the point where destructive interference occurs, the intensity is minimum.

Conditions for Interference

• In equation I=I1+I2+2(I1I2)−−−−−√cosϕI=I1+I2+2(I1I2)cosϕ, phase difference ϕ=0,±2π,±4π,…ϕ=0,±2π,±4π,… is the condition for the maximum intensity of light. If the two waves overlap at this phase difference constructive interference occurs.
• In equation I=I1+I2+2(I1I2)−−−−−√cosϕI=I1+I2+2(I1I2)cosϕ, phase difference ϕ=±π,±3π,±5π,…ϕ=±π,±3π,±5π,… is the condition for the minimum intensity of light.
• If a1=a2=aa1=a2=a the equation A=a21+a22+2a1a2cosϕ−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√A=a12+a22+2a1a2cosϕ becomes

A=2a2+2a2cosϕ−−−−−−−−−−−√=2a2(1+cosϕϕ−−−−−−−−−−−−√A=2a2+2a2cosϕ=2a2(1+cosϕϕ

A=2a22cos2(ϕ/2)−−−−−−−−−−−√A=2a22cos2(ϕ/2)

A=2acos(ϕ/2)A=2acos(ϕ/2)

I∝4a2cos2(ϕ/2)[I∝A2]I∝4a2cos2(ϕ/2)[I∝A2]

I=4I0cos2(ϕ/2)[I0∝a2]I=4I0cos2(ϕ/2)[I0∝a2]

If Imax=4I0,ϕ=0,±2π,±4π…..,Imax=4I0,ϕ=0,±2π,±4π…..,

If Imax=0,ϕ=±π,±3π,±5π…..,Imax=0,ϕ=±π,±3π,±5π…..,

From this, the phase difference ϕ between the two light waves determines the intensity at the point of intersection.

Interference in thin Films

• Consider a thin film of refractive index μ and thickness d. A parallel ray of light is fall on the thin film at an incident angle i.
• At this incident point of light, it is divided into two parts, the reflecting part and the refracting part.
• The refracted region goes into the thin film and further splits into two parts at the base of the thin film.
• Another part reflects inside the thin film. As the thin film is internally reflected multiple times, more reflective and refracted areas are formed. Light waves reflected and transmitted through thin film produce separate interference.

Interference in thin Films

Interference by the Transmitted Light

Transmitted light waves cause interference and give the resultant intensity. The path difference will δ=2μdδ=2μd

The condition for constructive interference due to transmitted light is

2μd=nλ2μd=nλ

Similarly,the condition for destructive interference due to transmitted light is

2μd=(2n−1)λ22μd=(2n−1)λ2

Interference by the reflected Light

It has been proved both theoretically and experimentally that light travelling through rarer medium reflected by dense medium have a phase difference of π.

The reflected light must have an additional path difference of λ2λ2. The path difference will be δ=2μdδ=2μd

The condition for constructive interference by reflected light is

2μd+λ2=nλ2μd+λ2=nλ

The condition for destructive interference by reflected light is

2μd+λ2=(2n+1)λ22μd+λ2=(2n+1)λ2

Interference in Polychromatic Light

• Interference performed in polychromatic light (White light) causes lines of different colours to appear on the screen.
• This is because different colours have different wavelengths. However, the central line is always bright and white in colour.
• This is because all colours falling at the centre O have zero path difference. Therefore, for all colours, only the constructive interference occurs at point O and the centre appears bright.

Conclusion

The phenomena of light, reflection and refraction can be explained only on the basis of wave optics. When two light waves overlap each other, the phenomenon of light intensity increasing at some points and the light intensity decreasing at other points is called interference of light. Superposition refers to the addition of light waves. Interference performed in polychromatic light (White light) causes lines of different colours to appear on the screen. This is because different colours have different wavelengths. If constructive interference occurs at a point, the intensity at that point will be greater.