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Dark matter makes up about 27% of the universe and is invisible to electromagnetic radiation (light), meaning it doesn’t emit, absorb, or reflect light. Its presence is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy, making up about 68% of the universe, is thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe.…

Black holes are regions of spacetime where gravitational forces are so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They form when massive stars collapse under their own gravity at the end of their life cycle. The boundary surrounding a black hole is called the event horizon, beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer.…

Einstein’s equation E=mc2E=mc^2E=mc2 illustrates that mass (mmm) and energy (EEE) are interchangeable; a small amount of mass can be converted into a large amount of energy, since ccc (the speed of light) is a large number. This principle is the foundation for nuclear reactions, such as those in stars and atomic bombs, where mass is…

In quantum mechanics, superposition refers to the ability of a quantum system to exist in multiple states simultaneously. For example, an electron can be in different energy levels at the same time until it is measured. This concept is famously illustrated by Schrödinger’s cat, a thought experiment where a cat in a box is simultaneously…

The speed of light in a vacuum is about 299,792 kilometers per second (or 186,282 miles per second). This speed is significant because it represents the maximum speed at which information or matter can travel in the universe, according to Einstein’s theory of relativity. The constant nature of light speed leads to phenomena such as…