Category: 11. General articles

Introduction Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium places a major role in shielding objects electrostatically. The movement of protons, electrons, as well as other subatomic particles within material results in the transfer of electric charge from one place to the next, thereby creating an electric current that flows through the substance. The interaction that is produced by the electrostatic forces between…

Introduction Conditions for interference are one of the most important concepts of wave optics. The phenomena of light, reflection, and refraction can be explained only on the basis of wave optics. The direction in which the light propagates in the form of a wave is indicated by the light screen itself. When a stone is dropped on…

Introduction Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is an Integrated circuit (IC). In the 1970s, an integrated circuit (IC) chip could only contain up to 10,000 transistors, and transistor feature lengths were over 1 m. For instance, the Motorola 6800 CPU has just 4100 transistors and a 6.0 m feature length. But the IC industries have seen…

Introduction We all might have noticed that it takes a long time for the honey to reach the mouth of the bottle when the honey bottle is about to empty. Such liquid behaviour in the flow possesses some internal property which is explained by the term viscosity. It is the property of a liquid by…

Introduction Coefficient of performance, or COP, is a number that indicates how efficient the heat pump, air conditioning system, or refrigerator is. Heat pumps (heating systems) are characterized by a coefficient of performance that is defined as a ratio between energy delivered to the hot reservoir and work input. As a result, it is known as a…

Introduction Chromatic aberration is an optical lens related problem. Light is electromagnetic radiation and is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. A lens is an optical device designed in such a way that the light that falls on it bends while it passes through it. The light rays that reach…

Introduction Chemical energy is a type of stored energy present in the atoms which can hold the molecule together. It is a form of energy in the bonds of chemical compounds. It occurs during a chemical reaction to produce in the form of heat or any mechanical work. The released energy transformed the substance into a new substance. For example, when oxygen…

Introduction Solid-liquid-gas.jpg: Sadi Carnot derivative work: Dave.Dunford (talk) 13:43, 15 December 2010 (UTC), Solid-liquid-gas, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Commons What is a Solid State? Explore our latest online courses and learn new skills at your own pace. Enroll and become a certified expert to boost your career. Characteristics Of Solids Uses Solid-state materials…

Introduction The liquid form of matter resides between both the solid and gas states. Liquids’ properties are determined by their form, temperature variations, volume, and intermolecular attractions. There are 3 states of matter: gas, solid, plus liquid. Each form of matter has unique features. Liquid particles are less dense than solid particles but denser than gas particles.…

Introduction Ampere’s law placed a milestone for the development of Electrodynamics. Hans Oersted in 1920 performed a classic experiment with a compass needle and current carrying conductor. He observed that if there is no current in the wire then the compass needle always points towards the north pole. However, in the presence of current in the wire,…